1. Which of the following is a fluvial landform?
A) Moraine
B) Cirque
C) Meander
D) Drumlin
Answer: C) Meander
Explanation: Meanders are bends in a river, formed by fluvial (river) processes.
2. The theory of continental drift was proposed by:
A) Charles Lyell
B) Alfred Wegener
C) James Hutton
D) Harry Hess
Answer: B) Alfred Wegener
Explanation: Wegener proposed that continents were once joined and have drifted apart over time.
3. An oxbow lake is formed by:
A) Glacier retreat
B) Meander cutoff
C) Volcanic activity
D) Coastal erosion
Answer: B) Meander cutoff
Explanation: When a river meander gets cut off from the main flow, it forms a crescent-shaped oxbow lake.
4. What is the primary agent of weathering in desert areas?
A) Glacial ice
B) Chemical weathering
C) Wind (Aeolian processes)
D) Biological activity
Answer: C) Wind (Aeolian processes)
Explanation: In arid regions, wind is the dominant weathering and erosional agent.
5. Which type of volcano has the steepest sides?
A) Shield volcano
B) Composite volcano
C) Caldera
D) Cinder cone
Answer: D) Cinder cone
Explanation: Cinder cones are the steepest because of the loose pyroclastic material they are built from.
6. A U-shaped valley is typically formed by:
A) River erosion
B) Wind erosion
C) Glacial erosion
D) Marine processes
Answer: C) Glacial erosion
Explanation: Glaciers carve out deep U-shaped valleys as they move.
7. The process of down-slope movement of soil and rock due to gravity is called:
A) Erosion
B) Mass wasting
C) Weathering
D) Sedimentation
Answer: B) Mass wasting
Explanation: Mass wasting includes landslides, slumping, and soil creep caused by gravity.
8. Inselbergs are typical features of:
A) Karst landscapes
B) Glacial regions
C) Desert landscapes
D) Coastal areas
Answer: C) Desert landscapes
Explanation: Inselbergs are isolated hills that rise abruptly from flat desert plains.
9. A karst topography is formed primarily by the action of:
A) Wind on sandstone
B) Water on granite
C) Chemical weathering on limestone
D) Glacial erosion on shale
Answer: C) Chemical weathering on limestone
Explanation: Karst features like sinkholes and caves form in limestone due to acidic water.
10. The longest river in the world is:
A) Nile
B) Amazon
C) Yangtze
D) Mississippi
Answer: A) Nile
Explanation: The Nile River is traditionally considered the longest, though recent debates include the Amazon as a contender.